However, developing an understanding of wicked problems and the relevant stakeholders at the FEWS nexus can create a barrier due to the complexity of these systems and the need for transdisciplinary collaboration given that such systems inherently transcend conventional fields of study ( Brown et al., 2010 Rodríguez et al., 2019 Wade et al., 2020). Thus, identifying whom to approach requires a solid understanding of both the wicked problem and the relationships between the stakeholders in the system, in order to ensure that the relevant stakeholders, including marginalized stakeholders, can be effectively engaged. For example, successful stakeholder engagement is characterized by the inclusion of diverse stakeholders ( Reed et al., 2009 Muro and Jeffrey, 2012 Eaton et al., 2021).
However, stakeholder engagement requires knowledge of the various stakeholders in these systems. Stakeholder engagement in research and management at the FEWS nexus is critical for understanding the complex challenges common in these systems and developing innovative solutions to address these challenges ( Armitage et al., 2008 Eaton et al., 2021 Kliskey et al., 2021). In this article, we present the stakeholder analysis method and describe an example application of the MMO method by examining stakeholder agency related to the adoption of improved swine waste management technology in North Carolina, USA. This approach provides a method for understanding the characteristics of stakeholders in FEWS and provides information that could be used to inform stakeholder engagement in efforts to address wicked problems at the FEWS nexus.
This method involves two key components: (1) identification of a challenge at the FEWS nexus and (2) evaluation of stakeholder agency related to the challenge using the dimensions of MMO. To better account for these relationships, we adapted a means, motive, and opportunity (MMO) framework to develop a method of stakeholder analysis that evaluates the agency of stakeholders related to a wicked problem in FEWS.
However, successful stakeholder engagement requires a strong understanding of the relationships between stakeholders and the specific wicked problem. Wicked problems are inherent in food–energy–water systems (FEWS) due to the complexity and interconnectedness of these systems, and addressing these challenges necessitates the involvement of the diverse stakeholders in FEWS.
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